Quantitative and rapid detection of nanoplastics labeled by luminescent metal phenolic networks using surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

The escalating prevalence of nanoplastics contamination in environmental ecosystems has emerged as a significant health hazard. Conventional analytical methods are suboptimal, hindered by their inefficiency in analyzing nanoplastics at low concentrations and their time-intensive processes. In this context, we have developed an innovative approach that employs luminescent metal-phenolic networks (L-MPNs) coupled with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to separate and label nanoplastics, enabling rapid, sensitive and quantitative detection. Our strategy utilizes L-MPNs composed of zirconium ions, tannic acid, and rhodamine B to uniformly label nanoplastics across a spectrum of sizes (50-500 nm) and types (e.g., polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate, polylactic acid). Rhodamine B (RhB) functions as a Raman reporter within these L-MPNs-based SERS tags, providing the requisite sensitivity for trace measurement of nanoplastics. Moreover, the labeling with L-MPNs aids in the efficient separation of nanoplastics from liquid media. Utilizing a portable Raman instrument, our methodology offers cost-effective, swift, and field-deployable detection capabilities, with excellent sensitivity in nanoplastic analysis and a detection threshold as low as 0.1 µg/mL. Overall, this study proposes a highly promising strategy for the robust and sensitive analysis of a broad spectrum of particle analytes, underscored by the effective labeling performance of L-MPNs when coupled with SERS techniques.

Alginic acid-functionalized silver nanoparticles: A rapid monitoring tool for detecting the technology-critical element tellurium.

The increasing global demand for tellurium, driven by its critical role in alloys, photovoltaic devices, and electronics, has raised concerns about its environmental pollution and neurotoxicity. In response, the potential of alginic acid (AA), a renewable, low-cost, and sustainable biopolymer, was explored for the biosynthesis of ultra-small silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their application in the detection of tellurium (Te(IV)). The effect of key synthesis parameters on desired physicochemical properties and yield of AgNPs was established to ensure high specificity and sensitivity towards Te(IV). The purified AgNPs with AA surface ligands were utilized to demonstrate a ratiometric absorbance sensor that exhibits excellent linearity and nanomolar-level affinity. This approach achieved a high correlation coefficient of ∼ 0.982, with a low detection limit of about 22 nM. Further investigations into the effect of pH, ionic strength, and organic molecules were conducted to elucidate detection performance and molecular understanding. The detection mechanism relies on the coordination between Te(IV) ions and the carboxylate groups of AA, which initiates aggregation-induced plasmon coupling in adjacent AgNPs. The capability of this analytical method to monitor Te(IV) in real-world water samples features its rapidity, user-friendliness, and suitability for point-of-care monitoring, making it a promising alternative to more complex techniques.

Investigation of the Impact of Hydrogen Bonding Degree in Long Single-Stranded DNA (ssDNA) Generated with Dual Rolling Circle Amplification (RCA) on the Preparation and Performance of DNA Hydrogels.

DNA hydrogels have gained significant attention in recent years as one of the most promising functional polymer materials. To broaden their applications, it is critical to develop efficient methods for the preparation of bulk-scale DNA hydrogels with adjustable mechanical properties. Herein, we introduce a straightforward and efficient molecular design approach to producing physically pure DNA hydrogel and controlling its mechanical properties by adjusting the degree of hydrogen bonding in ultralong single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) precursors, which were generated using a dual rolling circle amplification (RCA)-based strategy. The effect of hydrogen bonding degree on the performance of DNA hydrogels was thoroughly investigated by analyzing the preparation process, morphology, rheology, microstructure, and entrapment efficiency of the hydrogels for Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)-BSA. Our results demonstrate that DNA hydrogels can be formed at 25 °C with simple vortex mixing in less than 10 s. The experimental results also indicate that a higher degree of hydrogen bonding in the precursor DNA resulted in stronger internal interaction forces, a more complex internal network of the hydrogel, a denser hydrogel, improved mechanical properties, and enhanced entrapment efficiency. This study intuitively demonstrates the effect of hydrogen bonding on the preparation and properties of DNA hydrogels. The method and results presented in this study are of great significance for improving the synthesis efficiency and economy of DNA hydrogels, enhancing and adjusting the overall quality and performance of the hydrogel, and expanding the application field of DNA hydrogels.

Understanding the impact of a non-ionic surfactant alkylphenol ethoxylate on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic analysis of pesticides on apple surfaces.

Pesticide active ingredients (AIs) are often applied with adjuvants to facilitate the stability and functionality of AIs in agricultural practice. The objective of this study is to investigate the role of a common non-ionic surfactant, alkylphenol ethoxylate (APEO), on the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) analysis of pesticides as well as its impact on pesticide persistence on apple surfaces, as a model fresh produce surface. The wetted areas of two AIs (thiabendazole and phosmet) mixed with APEO were determined respectively to correct the unit concentration applied on apple surfaces for a fair comparison. SERS with gold nanoparticle (AuNP) mirror substrates was applied to measure the signal intensity of AIs with and without APEO on apple surfaces after a short-term (45 min) and a long-term (5 days) exposure. The limit of detection (LOD) of thiabendazole and phosmet using this SERS-based method were 0.861 ppm and 2.883 ppm, respectively. The result showed that APEO decreased the SERS signal for non-systemic phosmet, while increased SERS intensity of systemic thiabendazole on apple surfaces after 45 min pesticide exposure. After 5 days, the SERS intensity of thiabendazole with APEO was higher than thiabendazole alone, and there was no significant difference between phosmet with and without APEO. Possible mechanisms were discussed. Furthermore, a 1% sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) washing method was applied to test the impact of APEO on the persistence of the residues on apple surfaces after short-term and long-term exposures. The results indicated that APEO significantly enhanced the persistence of thiabendazole on plant surfaces after a 5-day exposure, while there was no significant impact on phosmet. The information obtained facilitates a better understanding of the impact of the non-ionic surfactant on SERS analysis of pesticide behavior on and in plants and helps further develop the SERS method for studying complex pesticide formulations in plant systems.

Highly effective transfer of micro-LED pixels to the intermediate and rigid substrate with weak and tunable adhesion by thiol modification.

Based on transfer printing technology, micro-LED pixels can be transferred to different types and sizes of driving substrates to realize displays with different application scenarios. To achieve a successful transfer, GaN-based micro-LEDs first need to be separated from the original epitaxial substrate. Here, micro-LED pixels (each size 25 µm × 30 µm) on the sapphire substrate were transferred to a flexible semiconductor wafer processing (SWP) tape that is strongly sticky by conventional laser lift-off (LLO) techniques. The pixels on the SWP tape were then transferred by using a sacrificial layer of non-crosslinked oligomeric polystyrene (PS) film onto the intermediate and rigid substrate (IRS) with weak and tunable adhesion by thiol (-SH) modification. The electrode of the micro-LED is Au metal, which forms Au-S bonds with the surface of the IRS to fix the pixels. The rigid substrate helps ensure that the pixel spacing is almost unchanged during the stamp transfer process, and the weak and tunable adhesion facilitates the pixels being picked up by the stamp. The experimental results demonstrate that the pixels can be efficiently transferred to the IRS by LLO and sacrificial layer-assistance, which will provide the possibility of achieving the further transfer of pixels to different types and sizes of driving substrates by a suitable transfer stamp. The transfer process details are discussed, which can provide insights into the transfer of micro-nano devices through polymer sacrificial layers.

Effect on the Properties of Edible Starch-Based Films by the Incorporation of Additives: A Review.

At present, people more actively pursuing biodegradable-based food packaging to lower the environmental problems of plastic-based packaging. Starch could become a promising alternative to plastic because of its properties (easily available, nontoxic, tasteless, biodegradable, ecofriendly, and edible). This review article is focused mainly on the impact of the properties of starch-based biodegradable films, such as their thickness, morphology, and optical, water-barrier, mechanical, oxygen-barrier, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties, after the incorporation of additives, and how such films fulfill the demands of the manufacturing of biodegradable and edible food-based film with preferable performance. The incorporation of additives in starch-based films is largely explained by its functioning as a filler, as shown via a reduction in water and oxygen permeability, increased thickness, and better mechanical properties. Additives also showed antimicrobial and antioxidant properties in the films/coatings, which would positively impact the shelf life of coated or wrapped food material.

Assessment of three SERS approaches for studying E. Coli O157:H7 susceptibility to ampicillin.

Antibiotic resistant bacteria pose an increasing threat to global public health, and it is essential that effective detection methods for identifying these organisms. This study assesses the ability of three different analytical approaches that were developed using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to differentiate between antibiotic sensitive and resistant bacteria based on their responses to ampicillin exposure, using Escherichia coli O157:H7 as a model bacterium. The approaches tested in this study included a conventional SERS approach of mixing a droplet of bacterial culture with gold nanoparticles, extracellular matrix analysis, and in situ mapping of bacterial cells on a filter membrane. All three of the SERS techniques were able to differentiate between the sensitive and resistant bacterial strains based on peak intensity changes associated with compounds released by the bacteria in response to antibiotic exposure, with extracellular matrix analysis and filter mapping both observed to be more effective than the conventional approach. However, there were significant differences between the spectra obtained from the different techniques and the potential advantages and disadvantages of each approach should be considered when used in the future. This study shows that SERS can be an effective technique for rapid and efficient assessment of ampicillin sensitivity in E. coli, and more work should be done to explore these analytical approaches with other types of bacterial samples.

Challenges and potential solutions for nanosensors intended for use with foods.

Nanotechnology-adapted detection technologies could improve the safety and quality of foods, provide new methods to combat fraud and be useful tools in our arsenal against bioterrorism. Yet despite hundreds of published studies on nanosensors each year targeted to the food and agriculture space, there are few nanosensors on the market in this area and almost no nanotechnology-enabled methods employed by public health agencies for food analysis. This Review shows that the field is currently being held back by technical, regulatory, political, legal, economic, environmental health and safety, and ethical challenges. We explore these challenges in detail and provide suggestions about how they may be surmounted. Strategies that may have particular effectiveness include improving funding opportunities and publication venues for nanosensor validation, social science and patent landscape studies; prioritizing research and development of nanosensors that are specifically designed for rapid analysis in non-laboratory settings; and incorporating platform cost and adaptability into early design decisions.

Food and Beverage Ingredients Induce the Formation of Silver Nanoparticles in Products Stored within Nanotechnology-Enabled Packaging.

Nanotechnology-based packaging may improve food quality and safety, but packages manufactured with polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) could be a source of human dietary exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Previous studies showed that PNCs release ENMs to foods predominantly in a dissolved state, but most of this work used food simulants like dilute acetic acid and water, leaving questions about how substances in real foods may influence exposure. Here, we demonstrate that food and beverage ingredients with reducing properties, like sweeteners, may alter exposure by inducing nanoparticle formation in foods contacting silver nanotechnology-enabled packaging. We incorporated 12.8 ± 1.4 nm silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into polyethylene and stored media containing reducing ingredients in packages manufactured from this material under accelerated room-temperature and refrigerated conditions. Analysis of the leachates revealed that reducing ingredients increased the total silver transferred to foods contacting PNC packaging (by as much as 7-fold) and also induced the (re)formation of AgNPs from this dissolved silver during storage. AgNP formation was also observed when Ag+ was introduced to solutions of natural and artificial sweeteners (glucose, sucrose, aspartame), commercial beverages (soft drinks, juices, milk), and liquid foods (yogurt, starch slurry), and the amount and morphology of reformed AgNPs depended on the ingredient formulation, silver concentration, storage conditions, and light exposure. These results imply that food and beverage ingredients may influence dietary exposure to nanoparticles when PNCs are used in packaging applications, and the practice of using food simulants may in certain cases underpredict the amount of ENMs likely to be found in foods stored in these materials.

Rapid capture and SERS detection of triclosan using a silver nanoparticle core - protein satellite substrate.

Triclosan (TCS) is a synthetic antimicrobial compound that has been widely used in consumer products. However, increasing evidence suggests adverse effects of TCS to human health and environment, raising great public concerns. The existing methods for detecting TCS are limited to time-consuming and complicated procedure. Here, we developed a rapid method for capture and detection of TCS using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) based on a silver nanoparticle (Ag NP) core - protein satellite nanostructure. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) assembled on Ag NPs as satellites configuration could anchor a large number of TCS molecules close to the surface of Ag NPs, producing amplified SERS signals. As low as 50 nM TCS standard was successfully detected within 30 min. We also demonstrated its capability for TCS detection in pond water. The developed SERS method holds a great promise for rapid screening of TCS in environmental and food samples.

Multi-phase detection of antioxidants using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with a gold nanoparticle-coated fiber.

The development of a method for multi-phase detection of antioxidants using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with a gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-coated fiber as a substrate is described. The AuNP-coated fiber was directly inserted into a multi-phase system containing model analytes of ascorbic acid, ascorbyl palmitate, and α-tocopherol, representing hydrophilic, amphiphilic, and lipophilic antioxidants, respectively. The AuNP-coated fiber enabled simultaneous detection of antioxidants present within the aqueous, interfacial, and organic phases of the multi-phase system. An oil-in-water emulsion was used as a model multi-phase system, where the antioxidant profiles of the three model analytes were successfully characterized. This method enables rapid, simultaneous, and non-destructive analysis of multiple antioxidants in complex multi-phase systems.

Mapping of Pesticide Transmission on Biological Tissues by Surface Enhanced Raman Microscopy with a Gold Nanoparticle Mirror.

We presented an improved surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) mapping technique for the imaging of pesticides on biological samples including tomato leaves, fruits, and mouse skin using a gold nanoparticle mirror as the SERS substrate. The gold nanoparticle mirror was fabricated using 50 nm commercial citrate-capped gold nanoparticles upon the interface of water and a mediating solvent that was prepared using acetonitrile and hexane. The properties of the gold nanoparticle mirror were compared with gold nanoparticles, and the mirror displayed higher sensitivity with a limit of detection of 0.07 µg/cm2 and better reproducibility with a relative standard deviation of 5.48% for the SERS mapping of pesticide (ferbam) on biological samples. The gold mirror-based SERS mapping technique was also used to investigate pesticide transmission from tomato fruit surfaces to mouse skin after 1 mg/cm2 of pesticides was administered upon the fruit, and the results showed that about 23% of the pesticide was transmitted from the fruit to the mouse skin. We also found that pesticides on the contaminated hand could not be completely removed by routine rinsing with tap water for 2 min. This study provides an effective approach for the imaging of pesticides on biological tissues that would facilitate research on pesticide behaviors both on and in biological systems.

In situ colorimetric detection of glyphosate on plant tissues using cysteamine-modified gold nanoparticles.

Monitoring the levels of pesticides on plant tissues is important for achieving effective protection of crops after application, as well as ensuring low levels of residues during harvest. In this study, a simple, rapid, and fieldable colorimetric method for detecting the pesticide glyphosate (Gly) on the plant tissues in situ using cysteamine-modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs-Cys) has been developed. The aggregation of AuNPs-Cys in the presence of Gly results in a consequent color change from red to blue (or purple), which could be observed visually on the surface of plant tissues. With the naked eye, we successfully detected Gly spiked on the surface of spinach, apple, and corn leaves in situ. Further verification and quantification were achieved using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) which uses AuNPs-Cys as the substrate. Moreover, application of this method was demonstrated through the evaluation of the Gly distribution on plant tissues which could greatly facilitate the development of precision agriculture technology.

Real-Time Monitoring of Pesticide Translocation in Tomato Plants by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.

Understanding the behavior of pesticide translocation is significant for effectively applying pesticides and reducing pesticide exposures from treated plants. Herein, we applied surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for real-time monitoring of pesticide translocation in tomato plant tissues, including leaves and flowers, following root exposure in hydroponic and soil systems. Various concentrations of the systemic pesticide, thiabendazole, was introduced into hydroponic systems used for growing tomato plants. At selected time intervals, tomato leaves and flowers were picked and thiabendazole was measured directly under a Raman microscope after pipetting gold nanoparticle-containing solution onto the plant tissue. We found that the pesticide signals first appeared along the midrib in the lowest leaves and moved distally to the edge of the leaves. As the concentration of pesticide applied to the root was increased, the time necessary to detect the signal was decreased. The SERS surface mapping method was also able to detect thiabendazole in the trichomes of the leaves. In addition, we found a unique SERS peak at 737 cm-1 on both leaves and flowers at 4 and 6 days following the application of 200 mg/L thiabendazole to the hydroponic system. This peak appears to be coming from adenine-containing materials and may be related to the plant's response to pesticide toxicity, which could be used as a potential marker for monitoring plant responses to stresses. These results demonstrate a successful application of SERS as a rapid and effective way to study the real-time translocation behavior of pesticides in a plant system.

A Triple Functional Approach To Simultaneously Determine the Type, Concentration, and Size of Titanium Dioxide Particles.

The large-scale manufacturing and use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles in food and consumer products significantly increase the likelihood of human exposure and release into the environment. We present a simple and innovative approach to rapidly identify the type (anatase or rutile), as well as to estimate, the size and concentration of TiO2 particles using Raman spectroscopy and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The identification and discrimination of rutile and anatase were based on their intrinsic Raman signatures. The concentration of the TiO2 particles was determined based on Raman peak intensity. Particle sizes were estimated based on the ratio between the Raman intensity of TiO2 and the SERS intensity of myricetin bound to the nanoparticles (NPs), which was proven to be independent of TiO2 nanoparticle concentrations. The ratio that was calculated from the 100 nm particles was used as a cutoff value when estimating the presence of nanosized particles within a mixture. We also demonstrated the practical use of this approach when determining the type, concentration, and size of E171: a mixture that contains TiO2 particles of various sizes which are commonly used in many food products as food additives. The presence of TiO2 anatase NPs in E171 was confirmed using the developed approach and was validated by transmission electron micrographs. TiO2 presence in pond water was also demonstrated to be an analytical capability of this method. Our approach shows great promise for the rapid screening of nanosized rutile and anatase TiO2 particles in complex matrixes. This approach will strongly improve the measurement of TiO2 quality during production, as well as the survey capacity and risk assessment of TiO2 NPs in food, consumer goods, and environmental samples.

Effectiveness of Commercial and Homemade Washing Agents in Removing Pesticide Residues on and in Apples.

Removal of pesticide residues from fresh produce is important to reduce pesticide exposure to humans. This study investigated the effectiveness of commercial and homemade washing agents in the removal of surface and internalized pesticide residues from apples. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) mapping and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods were used to determine the effectiveness of different washing agents in removing pesticide residues. Surface pesticide residues were most effectively removed by sodium bicarbonate (baking soda, NaHCO3) solution when compared to either tap water or Clorox bleach. Using a 10 mg/mL NaHCO3 washing solution, it took 12 and 15 min to completely remove thiabendazole or phosmet surface residues, respectively, following a 24 h exposure to these pesticides, which were applied at a concentration of 125 ng/cm2. LC-MS/MS results showed, however, that 20% of applied thiabendazole and 4.4% of applied phosmet had penetrated into the apples following the 24 h exposure. Thiabendazole, a systemic pesticide, penetrated 4-fold deeper into the apple peel than did phosmet, a non-systemic pesticide, which led to more thiabendazole residues inside the apples, which could not be washed away using the NaHCO3 washing solution. This study gives us the information that the standard postharvest washing method using Clorox bleach solution for 2 min is not an effective means to completely remove pesticide residues on the surface of apples. The NaHCO3 method is more effective in removing surface pesticide residues on apples. In the presence of NaHCO3, thiabendazole and phosmet can degrade, which assists the physical removal force of washing. However, the NaHCO3 method was not completely effective in removing residues that have penetrated into the apple peel. The overall effectiveness of the method to remove all pesticide residues diminished as pesticides penetrated deeper into the fruit. In practical application, washing apples with NaHCO3 solution can reduce pesticides mostly from the surface. Peeling is more effective to remove the penetrated pesticides; however, bioactive compounds in the peels will become lost too.

Investigation of degradation and penetration behaviors of dimethoate on and in spinach leaves using in situ SERS and LC-MS.

To investigate the degradation and penetration behaviors of the organophosphate insecticide dimethoate applied on spinach leaves, in situ SERS and LC-MS methods were used to detect dimethoate residue on&in spinach leaves picked on different days after treatment (DAT). The SERS and LC-MS methods determined that the dimethoate degradation rate followed first-order kinetics, with a half-life of 3.56 or 4.13days, depending on the respective method. The correlation coefficient of quantification value of these two methods was 0.9562. With the SERS method, we detected most of the penetrated dimethoate in the depth of 60-110µm. With the LC-MS method, we detected dimethoate up to 0.17ng in leaves and that the dimethoate on:in ratio of spinach leaves ranged from 562.25 on 0 DAT to 5.23 on 14 DAT. The combination of these two methods facilitated a better understanding of the behavior and biological fate of pesticides in a complex biological system.

Investigation of Pesticide Penetration and Persistence on Harvested and Live Basil Leaves Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Mapping.

Understanding pesticide behavior in plants is important for effectively applying pesticides and in reducing pesticide exposures from ingestion. This study aimed to investigate the penetration and persistence of pesticides applied on harvested and live basil leaves. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) mapping was applied for in situ and real-time tracking of pesticides over time using gold nanoparticles as probes. The results showed that, after surface exposure of 30 min to 48 h, pesticides (10 mg/L) penetrated more rapidly and deeply into the live leaves than the harvested leaves. The systemic pesticide thiabendazole and the nonsystemic pesticide ferbam can penetrate into the live leaves with depths of 225 and 130 µm, respectively, and the harvested leaves with depths of 180 and 18 µm, respectively, after 48 h of exposure. The effects of leaf integrity and age on thiabendazole penetration were also evaluated on live basil leaves after 24 h of exposure. Thiabendazole (10 mg/L) when applied onto intact leaves penetrated deeper (170 µm) than when applied onto damaged leaves (80 µm) prepared with 20 scrapes on the top surface of the leaves. Older leaves with a wet mass of 0.204 ± 0.019 g per leaf (45 days after leaf out) allowed more rapid and deeper penetration of pesticides (depth of 165 µm) than younger leaves with a wet mass of 0.053 ± 0.007 g per leaf (15 days after leaf out, depth of 95 µm). The degradation of thiabendazole on live leaves was detected after 1 week, whereas the apparent degradation of ferbam was detected after 2 weeks. In addition, the removal of pesticides from basil was more efficient when compared with other fresh produce possibly due to the specific gland structure of basil leaves. The information obtained here provides a better understanding of the behavior and biological fate of pesticides on plants.

A rapid Raman detection of deoxynivalenol in agricultural products.

Mycotoxin results in financial damage and considerable safety risks. In this paper, the possibility of portable Raman system-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for a rapid detection of deoxynivalenol (DON) a mycotoxin in cereals was investigated. Under an optimized condition, SERS analysis for pure DON solution has a wide dynamic concentration range from 10-7M to 10-2M with the limit of detection (LOD) down to 100nM. Density functional theory (DFT) analysis at the level of B3LYP/6-311++G(d, p) was also preformed for vibrational assignment. For practical application, the LOD of the proposed Raman method for both DON-contaminated corns and kidney beans were validated as 10-6M and the LOD for DON-contaminated oats was 10-4M. As a perspective, the SERS-based technology could be developed into an alternatively promising assay for on-field detection of DON residues at various cereals due to it high sensitivity and selectivity.

Evaluation of the Penetration of Multiple Classes of Pesticides in Fresh Produce Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Mapping.

Understanding pesticide penetration is important for effectively applying pesticides and in reducing pesticide exposures from food. This study aims to evaluate multiclass systemic and nonsystemic pesticide penetration in 3 representative fresh produce (apples, grapes, and spinach leaves). Surface-enhanced Raman scattering mapping was applied for in situ and real-time tracking of pesticide penetration over time. The results show that 100 mg/L of systemic pesticides, thiabendazole and acetamiprid, penetrated more rapidly and deeply with maximum depth around 220 µm after 48-h exposure into the tested fresh produce than 100 mg/L of nonsystemic pesticides, ferbam and phosmet, with maximum depth about 80 µm. The fact that 2 nonsystemic pesticides were also able to penetrate over time into all 3 fresh produce tested may raise additional food safety concerns. Comparatively, grapes were generally more resistant for pesticide penetration with all pesticides penetration depth below 80 µm compared to apples and spinach leaves. The information obtained here could provide technical support and guidance for accurate, effective, and safe application of pesticides and for the reduction of pesticide exposure from fresh produce.